TDBRAIN

Description

The Two Decades Brainclinics Research Archive for Insights in Neurophysiology (TDBRAIN) is a single-site clinical lifespan archive of resting-state EEG complemented by clinical and demographic data, assembled by the Brainclinics Foundation / Research Institute Brainclinics (Nijmegen, Netherlands) from recordings collected during routine clinical intake between 2001 and 2021 (van Dijk et al., 2022). The released cohort comprises 1,274 psychiatric patients (1,346 EEG sessions, including a replication sample) referred for a heterogeneous range of indications. The dataset was published explicitly to support biomarker development and machine-learning / AI methodologies on a large, real-world clinical population, and was curated by van Dijk, Koppenberg, Arns and colleagues (van Dijk et al., 2022). To preserve its value for prospective out-of-sample validation, roughly 30% of the clinical and treatment-outcome variables were intentionally withheld (blinded) at release (van Dijk et al., 2022).

Citation

• Paper DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01409-z
• Dataset DOI: 10.70303/syn25671079
• Reference: van Dijk, H., van Wingen, G., Denys, D., Olbrich, S., van Ruth, R., & Arns, M. (2022). The two decades brainclinics research archive for insights in neurophysiology (TDBRAIN) database. Scientific Data 9, 333.

Catalog citation block

• van Dijk, H., van Wingen, G., Denys, D., Olbrich, S., van Ruth, R., & Arns, M. (2022). The two decades brainclinics research archive for insights in neurophysiology (TDBRAIN) database. Scientific Data, 9, 333. DOI 10.1038/s41597-022-01409-z. PMCID: PMC9198070.
• TDBRAIN database, Synapse accession syn25671079, DOI 10.70303/syn25671079.

Download and access

Field	Value
Official source	https://brainclinics.com/resources
Access class	dua
Size	TODO(confirm)
Format	brainvision, csv
BIDS	true
Mirrors	https://www.synapse.org/TDBRAIN (syn25671079); https://github.com/BCD-gitprojects/TDBRAIN (preprocessing code)

Access steps:

1. Log in to the Brainclinics Foundation portal (brainclinics.com/resources) via ORCID
2. Sign the Data Use Agreement, then download the raw EEG and the preprocessing code
3. Alternatively register on Synapse (syn25671079) and agree to the GDPR-compliant terms

Source & access

The dataset is distributed through two routes: the Brainclinics Foundation portal at brainclinics.com/resources (login via ORCID, signature of a Data Use Agreement, after which the raw EEG and the custom Python preprocessing code can be downloaded), and the Synapse repository under accession syn25671079 (DOI 10.70303/syn25671079; GDPR-compliant registration and terms agreement required). The data are licensed Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) and the accompanying code under the MIT license (van Dijk et al., 2022). The Data Use Agreement forbids attempts to re-identify subjects and redistribution to unauthorized users. Preprocessing code is also mirrored on GitHub (github.com/BCD-gitprojects/TDBRAIN). The data descriptor is open access in Scientific Data, DOI 10.1038/s41597-022-01409-z.

Data structure

The archive is organized in BIDS (Brain Imaging Data Structure) format. Raw EEG is provided in BrainVision files (.eeg/.vhdr/.vmrk), and per-recording CSV derivatives are provided as well, laid out as derivatives/sub-{ID}/ses-{N}/eeg/sub-{ID}_ses-{N}_task-rest{EC|EO}_eeg.csv; these CSVs hold the (preprocessed) channel time series rather than spectral peaks. A participants.tsv (and an Excel participants file on the Brainclinics portal) carries the demographic and clinical metadata.

License

• Name: CC-BY-4.0
• Note (verbatim from the directory): CC BY 4.0 (code MIT); the Data Use Agreement forbids re-identification attempts and redistribution to unauthorized users
• Snippets on this site: no — the site ships no snippet or precomputed product from this dataset; lessons link the official access page.

Acquisition

Field	Value
Device	Neuroscan NuAmps with Compumedics Quickcap or ANT-Neuro Waveguard cap (sintered Ag/AgCl)
Device class	research-cap
Channels	26
Sampling rate (Hz)	500
Online filters	100 Hz hardware low-pass (anti-aliasing) before digitization
Reference	virtual ground online; released data offline re-referenced to averaged mastoids (A1, A2)
Mains frequency (Hz)	50
Paradigms	rest-eo, rest-ec
Participants	1274 (1,274 participants; 1,346 sessions (including a replication sample))
Population	1,274 psychiatric patients 5–88 (1,346 sessions); MDD 426, ADHD 271, SMC 119, OCD 75, healthy 47, …
Clinical groups	MDD, ADHD, SMC, OCD, HC, tinnitus, insomnia, PD, dyslexia, chronic-pain, burnout
Sessions	TODO(confirm)
Durations	2-min EO + 2-min EC per session

Acquisition

Recordings were made on two Neuroscan NuAmps amplifiers using either a Compumedics Quickcap or an ANT-Neuro Waveguard cap fitted with sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes (van Dijk et al., 2022). The montage is 26 EEG channels on the 10-10 international system — Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, FC3, FCz, FC4, T7, C3, Cz, C4, T8, CP3, CPz, CP4, P7, P3, Pz, P4, P8, O1, Oz, O2 — supplemented by peripheral artifact channels: vertical and horizontal EOG, EMG at the right masseter, and ECG at the clavicle. The sampling rate is 500 Hz, with a hardware low-pass anti-aliasing filter at 100 Hz applied before digitization. The ground electrode was at AFz, skin resistance was kept below 10 kΩ, and recordings used a virtual ground online; the released data are offline re-referenced to averaged mastoids (A1, A2) (van Dijk et al., 2022). Each resting condition was recorded for 2 minutes.

Participants

The released cohort is 1,274 participants over 1,346 recording sessions, with a sex split of 654 male and 620 female and a mean age of 38.67 ± 19.21 years spanning 5-88 years (van Dijk et al., 2022). The population is dominated by clinical cases referred for psychiatric/neurological complaints, with a comparatively small healthy-control group (N=47). Because data were gathered during clinical practice rather than a designed study, indication labels are heterogeneous and comorbidity is common; van Dijk et al. (2022) note that many participants carry more than one indication.

Diagnostic groups

Indication counts as reported in the descriptor (van Dijk et al., 2022); a participant may appear under more than one label and an “other/unknown” pool absorbs rare or comorbid cases.

Indication	N	Notes
MDD	426	Major Depressive Disorder
ADHD	271	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
SMC	119	Subjective Memory Complaints
OCD	75	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
HEALTHY	47	Healthy controls
Tinnitus	33
Insomnia	32
Parkinson’s	27
Dyslexia	26
Chronic pain	14
Burnout	10
Other / unknown	335	Various rare or comorbid indications

Tasks / conditions

The released paradigm is eyes-open versus eyes-closed resting state: a 2-minute eyes-open (EO) block with the participant fixating a central red dot, and a 2-minute eyes-closed (EC) block (van Dijk et al., 2022). The original clinical assessment battery at Brainclinics also included additional task paradigms (e.g. an oddball/ERP task), and later standardized releases expose task event and behavioral-response data; the core public resting-state release is the EO/EC pair.

Used on this site

L7.6

Loader

Fetches only the stated subset. Recorded loader: TODO(confirm).

TODO(confirm) — the catalog records no loader for this dataset.

Caveats worth knowing

• 47 healthy controls among 1,274; comorbidity is common.
• Two cap systems over 20 years.

Notable caveats

The single-site, clinical-practice provenance means the cohort is not a balanced case-control sample — healthy controls are a small minority (47), comorbidity is frequent, and ~30% of outcome variables are blinded for prospective replication (van Dijk et al., 2022). Two different cap systems (Quickcap vs ANT Waveguard) were used over the 20-year span, a potential source of montage/impedance heterogeneity. EEG was collected in the Netherlands, so 50 Hz mains line noise is the relevant notch frequency. Note also that releases have versioned over time (Brainclinics now references a standardized “V3 and onwards” format); the published descriptor describes the original release.

Related datasets

• ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments)
• EEG Motor Movement/Imagery Dataset (EEGMMIDB)
• LEMON (MPI-Leipzig Mind-Brain-Body)
• Dortmund Vital Study resting EEG
• SRM Resting-state EEG

# Loader: TODO(confirm) — the catalog records no loader for this dataset.
# Download a small subset from the official source: https://brainclinics.com/resources